Linux Befehle Cheatsheet

#1 Hallo,

für alle Linux Starter hier eine Kommandozeilen Befehlsliste mit den grundlegenden Befehlen zum suchen, netzwerk etc.

Zitat

Command -> Description
• apropos word -> Show commands pertinent to word. See also threadsafe
-> which command -> Show full path name of command
-> time command -> See how long a command takes
• time cat -> Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw
• nice info -> Run a low priority command (info in this case)
• renice 19 -p $$ -> Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks
• look prefix -> Quickly search (sorted) dictionary
• grep --color expr...ion /usr/share/dict/words -> Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary
-> gpg -c file -> Encrypt file
-> gpg file.gpg -> Decrypt file
• alias hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v' -> Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: • hd /proc/self/cmdline | less)
• alias realpath='readlink -f' -> Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: • realpath ~/../$USER)
• set | grep $USER -> Search current environment
• ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS -> Print in 9 columns to width of terminal
-> touch -c -t 0304050607 file -> Set file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm)
dir navigation
• cd - -> Go to previous directory
• cd -> Go to home directory
-> (cd dir && command) -> Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir
• pushd . -> Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it
CDs
-> gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz -> Save copy of data cdrom
-> mkisofs -V NAME -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz -> Create cdrom image from contents of dir
-> mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir -> Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only)
-> cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast -> Clear a CDRW
-> gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom - -> Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev)
-> cdparanoia -B -> Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir
-> cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav -> Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao)
-> oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' -> Make ogg file from wav file
archives
-> tar c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 -> Make archive of dir/
-> bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar x -> Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files)
-> tar c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' -> Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine
-> find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 -> Make archive of subset of dir/ and below
-> find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents -> Make copy of subset of dir/ and below
-> ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) -> Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir
-> ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) -> Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/
-> ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar x -p' -> Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir
-> dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=hda.gz' -> Backup harddisk to remote machine
rsync (Use the --dry-run option for testing)
-> rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file -> Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads
-> rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile -> Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O
-> rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' -> Mirror web site (using compression and encryption)
-> rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ -> Synchronize current directory with remote one
file searching
• alias l='ls -l --color=auto' -> quick dir listing
• ls -lrt -> List files by date. See also newest
-> find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' -> Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo
-> find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'string' -> Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir and below
-> find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'string' -> Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir
-> find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done -> Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop)
• find -type f ! -perm -444 -> Find files not readable by all (useful for web site)
• find -type d ! -perm -111 -> Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site)
• locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' -> Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt
networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete)
• ip link show -> List interfaces
-> ethtool interface -> List interface status
-> ip link set dev eth0 name wan -> Rename eth0 to wan
-> ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 -> Add ip and mask(255.255.255.0)
-> ip link set dev interface up -> Bring interface up (or down)
-> ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 -> Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254
• tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec -> Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing)
• tc qdisc del dev lo root -> Remove latency added above
• host pixelbeat.org -> Lookup ip address for name or vice versa
• hostname -i -> Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`)
• netstat -tupl -> List internet services on a system
• netstat -tup -> List active connections to/from system
wget (multi purpose download tool)
• (cd cmdline && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) -> Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir
-> wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file -> Continue downloading a partially downloaded file
-> wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/ -> Download a set of files to the current directory
-> wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ -> FTP supports globbing directly
• wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head -> Process output directly
-> echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 -> Download url at 1AM to current dir
-> wget --limit-rate=20k url -> Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case)
-> wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html -> Check links in a file
-> wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ -> Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)
windows (note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support)
• smbtree -> Find windows machines. See also findsmb
-> nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 -> Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address
-> smbclient -L windows_box -> List shares on windows machine or samba server
-> mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share -> Mount a windows share
-> echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box -> Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)
math
• echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l -> Quick math
• echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 123' | bc -> Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal)
• echo $((0x2dec)) -> Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion))
• echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc -> More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate
• echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python -> Python handles scientific notation
• echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist -> Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size
text manipulation (note sed uses stdin and stdout, so if you want to edit files, append <oldfile >newfile)
-> sed 's/string1/string2/g' -> Replace string1 with string2
-> sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' -> Modify anystring1 to anystring2
-> sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' -> Remove comments and blank lines
-> sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' -> Concatenate lines with trailing \
-> sed 's/[ \t]*$//' -> Remove trailing spaces from lines
-> sed 's/\([\\`\\"$\\\\]\)/\\\1/g' -> Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes
-> sed -n '1000p;1000q' -> Print 1000th line
-> sed -n '10,20p;20q' -> Print lines 10 to 20
-> sed -n 's/.*<[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>\(.*\)<\/[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>.*/\1/p;T;q' -> Extract title from HTML web page
-> sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n -> Sort IPV4 ip addresses
• echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' -> Case conversion
• tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom -> Filter non printable characters
• grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l -> Count lines
set operations (Note LANG=C is for speed)
-> LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -> Union of unsorted files
-> LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -d -> Intersection of unsorted files
-> LANG=C sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u -> Difference of unsorted files
-> LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -u -> Symmetric Difference of unsorted files
-> LANG=C comm file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' -> Union of sorted files
-> LANG=C comm -12 file1 file2 -> Intersection of sorted files
-> LANG=C comm -13 file1 file2 -> Difference of sorted files
-> LANG=C comm -3 file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' -> Symmetric Difference of sorted files
calendar
• cal -3 -> Display a calendar
• cal 9 1752 -> Display a calendar for a particular month year
• date -d fri -> What date is it this friday. See also day
• date --date='25 Dec' +%A -> What day does xmas fall on, this year
• date --date '1970-01-01 UTC 1234567890 seconds' -> Convert number of seconds since the epoch to a date
• TZ=':America/Los_Angeles' date -> What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ)
-> echo "mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" | at 17:45 -> Email reminder
• echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30 minutes" -> Popup reminder
locales
• printf "%'d\n" 1234 -> Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale
• echo "I live in `locale territory`" -> Extract info from locale database
• locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less -> List fields in locale database
• LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix -> Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes
disk space (See also FSlint)
• ls -lSr -> Show files, biggest last
• du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head -> Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop
• df -h -> Show free disk space
• df -i -> Show free inodes
• fdisk -l -> Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
• rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n -> List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros
• dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n -> List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros
• dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test -> Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate
monitoring/debugging
• strace -c ls >/dev/null -> Summarise/profile system calls made by command
• strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null -> List system calls made by command
• ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null -> List library calls made by command
• lsof -p $$ -> List paths that process id has open
• lsof ~ -> List processes that have specified path open
• tcpdump not port 22 -> Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me
• ps -e -o pid,args --forest -> List processes in a hierarchy
• ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' -> List processes by % cpu usage
• ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS -> List processes by mem usage. See also ps_mem.py
• ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state -> List all threads for a particular process
• ps -p 1,2 -> List info for particular process IDs
• last reboot -> Show system reboot history.
• free -m -> Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB)
• watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' -> Watch changeable data continuously
System information (see also sysinfo)
-> hdparm -i /dev/hda -> Show info about disk hda
-> hdparm -tT /dev/hda -> Do a read speed test on disk hda
-> badblocks -s /dev/hda -> Test for unreadable blocks on disk hda
• mount | column -t -> Show mounted filesystems on the system (and align output)
• cat /proc/partitions -> Show all partitions registered on the system
• grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo -> Show RAM total seen by the system
• grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo -> Show CPU(s) info
• lspci -tv -> Show PCI info
• lsusb -tv -> Show USB info
recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)
• recode -l | less -> Show available conversions (aliases on each line)
-> recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt -> Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion)
-> recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt -> Windows utf8 to local charset
-> recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt -> Latin9 (western europe) to utf8
-> recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 -> Base64 encode
-> recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp -> Quoted printable decode
-> recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html -> Text to HTML
• recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro -> Lookup table of characters
• echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump -> Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap
• echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x -> Show latin-9 encoding
• echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x -> Show utf-8 encoding
interactive
• mc -> Powerful filemanager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ...
• screen -> Virtual terminals with detach capability, ...
• links -> Web browser
• gnuplot -> Interactive/scriptable graphing
• octave -> Matlab like environment

viel Spass
Josi